Roopkund, a mystery lake in the Himalayas By Harpreet Kaur

A beautiful ice covered lake hides a horror story. It hides over a 1000 skeletons when covered in ice and when it melts, they are uncovered and can be seen openly. A mystery remains unsolved. Many theories have been put forth but what really took place a thousand years back is unknown. Roopkund is located 16,500 feet up in Village Wan, Debal, Chamoli, Uttarakhand state in the Himalayas. This lake is also known as Skeleton Lake as the lake was full of frozen bodies and skeletons. The lake hides the skeletons when covered in snow, which are exposed once the ice melts and water evaporates. The entire lake rim is surrounded by skeletons. It was a shocking discovery by the British during World War II in 1942 where they thought the dead skeletons could be Japanese soldiers trying to find an entry into India and died due to exposure to cold. The melting ice had revealed the skeletons. The skeletons were not Japanese and they were very old. However, the hair, skin and bones were in a well-preserved state due to dry cold air. However, where they came from was still a mystery. Why the 200 were killed or died in the valley is still a mystery. Theories include landslide, epidemic, suicide, battle, or killing. Tests of the bodies done date them back to 850 AD. The DNA test reveals there were two groups of people one group contained people from a single tribe or family with closely related individuals. The second group is a smaller one with probably locals maybe containing guides or porters However, a 2004 expedition to the site seems to have finally revealed the mystery of what caused those people’s deaths. The answer was stranger than anyone had guessed. Experts have also found leather shoes; bamboo staves and rings making them believe that these were pilgrims passing through with local guides and porters. All have died in the same way from blows directly to the head. Short cracks that are deep and have not been made by weapons but something round. The blows are to the head and shoulder and have been made from above. Even the bodies of women show the same signs. There is a legend here that the goddess was displeased with intruders in her abode and rained down hailstones as hard as iron. The conclusion made is that all died in a hailstorm. Trapped in the valley they could not find a way out. The hailstones were the size of cricket balls 9 inches in circumference that resulted in these visitors death. The bodies have remained there for 1200 years until they were discovered. The trek to Roopkund starts from Gwaldum in Chamoli. It is a three to four day trek. It is an enclosed space and there are bodies everywhere and float. It is a scary place. A forest ranger Hari Kishan Madhwal discovered the bodies in 1942. They tried to establish the ancestry of the skeletons and were successful to a certain extent. This lake is located at a high altitude in Uttarakhund and is located in Trishul massif in the Himalayas. It is uninhabited. The altitude is 16,470 feet and is surrounded by other glaciers. It is a popular trek area. The size of the lake varies in summer and winter and is never more than 40 meters in diameter and three meters in depth. National Geographic recovered over 30 skeletons. Legend refers the party belonging to Raja of Kannauj Raja Jasdhaval. There is flesh attached to many skeletons. Legend says that Raja Jasdhaval along with his wife Rani Balampa who was pregnant along with a dance troupe was on a pilgrim tour to Nanda Devi and was suddenly struck with hailstorm. The entire party vanished close to Roopkund. Scientific research Samples are on display at the Anthropological Survey of India Museum, Dehradun. Three hundred skeletons show injuries made with round objects on the head and shoulders. All have died due to the same cause. Songs and legends talk about hailstorm killing the party. Radiocarbon dating at the Oxford University dates the bones back to 850 CE plus or minus 30 years. Along with the genome, wide analysis of 38 skeletons found at Roopkund concluded that there were three groups of people. - 23 individuals (dated ~800 CE) had typical South Asian ancestry, - One individual (dated ~1800 CE) had Southeast Asian ancestry, - 14 individuals (dated ~1800 CE) had ancestry typical of the eastern Mediterranean, and specifically mainland Greece and Crete. They all died due to same catastrophic event. South Asian remains are older and were deposited over a period, while the eastern Mediterranean and Southeast Asian remains were deposited in a single event. Conservations Every day there is a loss of skeletons due to tourists and trekkers transporting them away from the lake site. Earlier they were strewn across the valley floor but today many are stacked or have disappeared. Government agency is making an effort to protect the site as an important archaeological and anthropological site. Trek Best time to trek is mid-September to October. The trekking path passes through Bedni Bugyal to reach Roopkund in Chamoli District. It is close to Trisul (7120m) and Nanda Ghunti (6310m) Himalayan peaks. To the lakes north is a rock face called Junargali and to the eats is another peak Chandania Kot. Villagers hold a festival every year at Bedni Bugyal in autumn and another is held at Roopkund every 12 years which is called Nanda Devi Raj Jat and Nanda Devi is worshipped here. It is a popular trek and many tour operators offer trek details and help you plan and reach there.

Stepwells of Gujarat

Stepwells of Gujarat By Harpreet Kaur Kapoor In the unforgiving grip of arid lands, ancient civilizations thrived, their very existence intertwined with brilliant architectural innovations and deep ecological wisdom. Their interaction with water went beyond mere retrieval; they were builders of community, shaping spaces like stepwells that resonated with social, religious, and cultural significance. These subterranean wonders, embellished with sculptures depicting mythology and daily life, endure as powerful testaments to sustainable living and the strength of communal effort, illustrating how humanity once flourished in balance with the earth. The earliest whispers of these water sanctuaries date back to the 4th century AD. The unpredictable rhythm of monsoons, the Indian subcontinent prioritized water. Stepwells emerged not just as utilitarian structures to conserve and harvest water, but also as ingenious solution to a fundamental need.

Rani ki Vav, Patan, Gujarat Water, the very essence of life since its emergence on Earth, has been managed and stored in diverse ways across cultures, each adapting to their unique terrains. Beyond the simple well, Persia engineered the ingenious qanats around 800 BCE – subterranean tunnels that channeled water. Egypt employed shafts sunk into underground catchment areas. In the Indian subcontinent, the stepwell, known by various names like vavs or baoris, emerged as a sophisticated method of containing and storing water. The subterranean architecture of western India flourished from the 7th to the 19th centuries, with the earliest stepwells dating back to the 3rd century CE, born from the region's characteristic long dry spells punctuated by intense rainfall. Rani Ki Vav, Patan, Gujarat Stepwells have roots in the Indus Valley civilization. They have evolved from simple trenches into architectural marvels by the 11th century. The Stepwell Atlas documents over 3000 such structures in India. The advent of British rule and their emphasis on modern notions of "clean water" ushered in an era of piped water systems leading to a decline of these ancient structures. There are over 100 stepwells in Gujarat each an architectural marvel, unique, preventing direct sunlight from penetrating the walls thus reducing evaporation. Made in stone, brick, and limestone the water usually came from deep within the earth or from rain fall or from a runoff into the depth of the well. Adalaj Ni Vav, Gandhinagar Adalaj ni Vav Stepwell Design The stepwell is divided into four sections (it does not matter when they were constructed). They have been found in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan and the south:- • Nanda: The simplest and most common type, featuring a single flight of steps leading to the well. • Bhadra: Characterized by two flights of steps with the well situated in the center. • Jaya: Incorporating three flights of steps arranged in three different directions around the central well shaft. • Vijaya: Similar to the Jaya type but featuring staircases extending in four directions. Todas – are a pair of ornate pillars at the entrance to mark the location of the stepwell. Kutas – the landings between sets of steps for the purpose of providing a resting area. An ardhakuta – a supporting arch, without landing or pavilion. Well shaft – structure for storing water. Beyond these classifications, stepwells can also be categorized based on their size, plan (rectangular, circular, or L-shaped), building materials (ranging from masonry and rubble to brick), and the number of entries they possess (from one to four). Each stepwell stands as a unique architectural creation, reflecting the diverse design approaches of its architects. All are richly decorated with relief work, sculptures, and ornaments. The construction during Muslim rule was markedly different:- - They had true dome. - devoid of human figures (Dadi Harir ni vav) Dada Harir ni Vav Both the above-mentioned vavs were constructed in 1500 CE, patrons were females one was built by Hindu artists in the Islamic reign and is devoid of human figures. Dada Harir ni Vav Navghan Kuvo, Uperkot Fort, Junagadh (Gujarat): Carved directly out of soft rock, this well within the Uperkot Fort is named after Ra Navghan and stands as the earliest known example of a rock-cut stepwell. A spiral staircase descends 52 meters to the water level. The well itself is square in shape, with light filtering in through small openings in its sides. It is enclosed within a large courtyard, though the well predates the courtyard's construction. Navghan Kuvo Rani Ki Vav, Patan, North Gujarat: A breathtaking marvel of Solanki architecture, Rani Ki Vav (Queen's Stepwell) was commissioned in 1063 CE by Udaymati, the queen of Patan and wife of Bhimdev. Extending 64 meters in length, 20 meters in width, and 27 meters in depth, this multi-storied vav features interconnected walkways, walls, columns, pilasters, cornices, and beams, all leading down to the well. Every surface is adorned with intricate scrollwork, images, and depictions of the ten avatars of Vishnu alternating with graceful female figures along the staircase walls. This multi-storied well with colonnades and retaining walls that link the stepped tank to a circular well. Columns, brackets, and beams are encrusted with scrollwork and wall niches have carved figures. Its exceptional artistry and historical significance have earned it a place on the UNESCO World Heritage list. Adalaj Vav, Ahmedabad (Gujarat): A captivating blend of artistry and geometric precision, Adalaj Vav is strategically located along the ancient caravan route connecting Ahmedabad and Patan. Commissioned in 1499 CE by Rudabai, the widow of the Rajput noble Veer Sinh Vaghela, it is classified as a 'Jaya' type vav. Its five stories are replete with exquisite carvings, decorated walls, ornamented pillars, verandas, and images of Hindu gods and goddesses, interspersed with depictions of flowers, birds, trees, vines, and chhatris (domed pavilions). The well's interior space is octagonal, and transverse stone floor slabs with a three-dimensional trellis create a mesmerizing interplay of light and shadow. The temperature within the well remains noticeably cooler than the surface. The Dada Harir's vav at Ahmedabad, was modeled on the Mata Bhavani's Vav; it has an additional domed pavilion at the entrance. Figures are absent, but motifs and stylized scrollwork adorn the wall niches and can be compared to those that often appear in Islamic architecture. These are just a couple of Vavs mentioned here, there are many more hidden under. Indeed, the grandeur of these ancient stepwells has been dimmed by the passage of time and lack of upkeep. Yet, recognizing their profound importance, the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan have undertaken significant restoration efforts. These stepwells are more than just historical artifacts; they represent vital elements in addressing today's pressing water challenges. Despite its extensive water ecosystem, India has witnessed a decline in the utilization of its traditional water bodies. Revitalizing these stepwells presents a concrete opportunity for communities to reconnect with their heritage and harness these considerable traditional water resources. Their remarkable storage capacity offers the potential to substantially ease the increasing strain of water scarcity. Adi kadi Vav Two stories claim to explain why this step-well, built in the 15thcentury AD, is named so. One tells the tale of a king who ordered the step-well to be built. But when no water was found, the priest proposed that two unmarried girls be sacrificed at the altar. The two girls were Adi and Kadi and their sacrifice ensured that the water was struck soon after. The other tale is more probable, that the two girls were actually royal servant girls who fetched water from the well every day. No matter what story they believe in, people pay their respects by hanging up pieces of cloth and bangles. Unlike the other step-wells in Gujarat, which were dug out of layers of soil and rock and later given a structure by erecting stone columns, floors, stairs and walls, Adi-Kadi Vav was carved entirely of hard rock and goes down 120 steps

Chowmahalla Palace

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/chowmahalla-palace-nizam-legacy-harpreet-kaur-kapoor/?published=t Follow the link to visit and know about the unique palace in Hyderabad.

Rajput School at Chopasani

Read all about a unique school with a research center right at the center of its location.

https://www.linkedin.com/in/harpreet-kaur-kapoor-847bb311/detail/recent-activity/posts/

Mrutyunjay

A novel written in Marathi language but hold a readers attention the entire time. You will not wish to put the book down until you finish reading it. It is available in many languages so do try and get hold of the copy and read it. Historical, mythological and yet contemporary. A part of outstanding literature.

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/mrutyunjay-harpreet-kaur-kapoor/?published=t

Guru Gobind Singhji, The Tenth Guru of the Sikhs

Read the short article on the history of the tenth guru, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/guru-gobind-singh-tenth-sikhs-harpreet-kaur-kapoor/?published=t on linkedin.

Mehrangarh Underseige

Uploaded my new book called Desert Chronicles: Mehrangarh Underseige. This book deals with that chapter in History which led to Mehrangarh fort falling under siege for many months, the reason why it took place and what did it result in. You willfind the book on smashwords.com just follow the link https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/1076915

Sun Temples in India

Read an article on Sun Temples of India on linkedin.Here is a ink. Please do read and get back with comments. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/sun-temples-india-harpreet-kaur-kapoor/

Come, Walk with me II

The land of Royalty, sprinkled with vast sand deserts and colourful people, mystical practices, mythical heroes, famous warriors and women to die for. Everything but everything is charming, beautiful and attractive in Rajasthan, the colourful state that few words can describe it. You have to feel it to know – the people, the land, the art, architecture and everything that makes it. No one thing can be said that this explains it all. The love for something so beautiful and rich cannot be just explained. Read on to feel a little about my favourite place, maybe someday it will draw my readers to come to India, and Rajasthan to really see and feel it all. My new book on Smashwords.com

Monumental Kumbhalgarh by Harpreet Kaur

My coffee table book is now available across in book stores, or on net you can buy them anywhere.

Desert Chronicles IV - Rajputs and Rajputana

This book talks about the Rajputs, what and who they are. This book gives information about their origin, their clans, ruling centers, culture etc. This book is good source for those who wish to know more about the Rajputs. This book is available for $3 at smashwords.com. You ca read a small sample before downloading the entire book.

Desert Chronicles - III, Forts of Rajasthan

This is the third in the series I am writing called the Desert Chronicles. This one is on the stone sentinels or forts located within the state of Rajasthan, India. Rajasthan was a war zone from 5th century onwards until after independence. Its constant guardians have been the forts and watch towers guarded by brave, sacrificing and sometimes reckless generation of Rajputs.

Archaeology: Techniques and Methods

Hi Everyone
If you wish to get hold of my book Archaeology: Techniques and Methods get in touch with me via email - harpreet786@gmail.com and I will send you a copy of my book at discounted price.
Harpreet Kaur
Author

Have uploaded a new book on smashwords.com. It is a cookbook consisting of recipes from the state of Rajasthan. It may not contain every recipe but does have many.Here in this book i have compiled a few recipes for those who love to cook and those who love to eat. This is the second book in the series that I have started called Desert Chronicles. These recipes in fact describe the way the people of Rajasthan have evolved their cooking to suit their budget as well as their need for food that looks good and is finger licking good.
Here is a linkl
https://www.smashwords.com/books/search?query=Harpreet+Kaur

Many people may have read these stories as love stories or as part of their history lesson. But the stories are real and these individuals lived and died for their people and country. They contributed a lot to their country’s history. These stories have a very strong hold on the people of Rajasthan and India. Follow my latest book https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/34503.

Ebook Description
The story revolves around Arsalan a ten-year-old boy who belongs to the royal family. They live in the land of Ar and the story belongs to the 12th century, when kings ruled and people followed them blindly. The boy is mischievous and is looking for adventures everyday of his life in school, at home or in the playground.
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"Saint from Ajmer, The (E-Book)"
by Harpreet Kaur

Price: $9.95




Product Details

ISBN: 978-1-4512-2394-1

# Pages: 120 Pages

Dimensions: 5.5 x 8.5

Format: E-Book

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Product Description
"Ajmer, an ancient city, stands on the highest plateau of the Aravalli range. Famous as the capital of the Chauhan empire, it became the center of the world for thousands of people who found solace at the shrine of Sufi saint Hazrat Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti. Born in Sajistan, he became the follower of Chistiya sect and found place among the chosen five Khwajas, known well in the world.He laid the foundations of the Chishtiya order in Ajmer, which soon spread across India. His firm faith in Wahdat al-wujud (the Unity of Being) provided the ideological support to his mystic mission?their aim is to live for God alone. The early Chistis did not ask for formal conversion to Islam to being a prerequisite of a follower. He interpreted religion in terms of human service and always told his disciples to reach the highest level of devotion was by - "to redress the misery of those in distress - to fulfill the needs of the helpless and to feed the hungry." This book is an effort to give an insight into this great saint's life and his teachings."

Check out my new book on smashwords.com. This e-book is dedicated to the cult of mother goddess called Shakti derived from its source - Lord Shiva.

new book

This book is based on my diary when we went on an archaeological dig in Karnataka. Log on to access or download at https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/16195.

My new book has been posted on www.smashwords.com. Its called Come, walk with me!Please check the link below. http://www.smashwords.com/books/view/11626